Satu Dekade Perjuangan Revolusi Rojava

205

 

Alih-bahasa     : Mashiro Shiina

Publikasi          : Abc Kontrol Pekerja & Sabate Book

Penyunting      : Hakim, Kaon

Layout             : Bone

Desain Cover  : Herry Sutresna

Buku ini berjumlah 100 halaman yang terbagi 6 bab pembahasan terkait seputar gerakan revolusi sosial yang tengah berlangsung di Rojava (Suriah), terdiri dari;  Seruan Perlawanan dan Solidaritas Internasional untuk Rojava (Refleksi sepanjang tahun 2023), Sebuah Alternatif Yang Dibangun Untuk Melawan Sistem Monopoli dan Negara-Bangsa (Konfederalisme Demokratik dan wawancara bersama 4 pejuang revolusioner YPJ), Revolusi Rojava – Satu Dekade Berlalu, Sejarah dan Struktur Pemerintahan (Laporan lengkap oleh Rojava Information Center), Jinealogy; Dari Perjuangan Perempuan Hingga Pembebasan Sosial (Sebuah ilmu perempuan), Mendukung dan Membangun Kembali Rojava; Opsi Koperasi Pekerja (Solidaritas dan demokrasi ekonomi) Konsensus adalah Kunci; Sistem peradilan baru di Rojava (Hukuman adalah opsi terakhir).

Pembahasan

Ditengah musim panas dan penindasan berlapis terhadap etnis Kurdistan oleh otoritarianisme Turki & rezim pemerintah nasional Suriah, dan dampak krisis kapitalisme, sebuah wilayah bernama Rojava di Suriah bagian Utara telah mengalami gejolak perubahan sosial yang telah berlangsung sejak 19 Juli 2012. Berbeda dari gerakan pada umumnya, Revolusi Rojava secara khusus adalah gerakan perlawanan terhadap hegemoni kapitalisme dan negara yang bertujuan untuk menciptakan pemerintahan mandiri berbasis otonomi yang terdesentralisasi. Model pemerintahan ini mengkhendaki partisipasi menyeluruh setiap anggota masyarakat untuk menentukan kearah mana bahtera kehidupan mereka akan berlayar melalui rapat – rapat majelis yang diadakan.

Satu dekade kemudian, revolusi Rojava atau yang lebih dikenal dengan nama Administrasi Otonom Suriah Utara dan Timur ‘’AANES’’ (sebutan yang lebih inklusif) telah mengalami perkembangan mencakup sepertiga wilayah Suriah dan hampir seperlima penduduknya. Mayoritas penduduknya adalah suku Kurdi dan wilayah mayoritas Arab di tepi Sungai Eufrat.

Revolusi Rojava juga merupakan salah satu gerakan sosial yang menekankan pentingnya posisi dan peran perempuan didalam transofrmasi menuju perubahan radikal yang utuh.

Pada awal pembahasan dalam buku ini berisi terkait penggambaran gejolak situasi internasional yang sedang dilanda perang, dan berisi seruan solidaritas internasional untuk perjuangan revolusi di Rojava. Perang yang terjadi antara Ukraina dengan Rusia, Cina dan Taiwan, dan yang paling menjadi sorotan dunia adalah konflik Palestina dan Israel dipandang sebagai akibat dari krisis kapitalisme modern yang bertujuan untuk memberikan perlindungan terhadap kelas penguasa, kekuasaan negara dan ekspansi teritorial guna memperebutkan zona perdagangan yang didasari kepentingan profit.

Dehumanisasi yang terjadi khsususnya di Palestina oleh Israel, yang juga terjadi di Suriah Utara dan Timur yang dilakukan oleh pendudukan Turki, telah menyebabkan pemusnahan atau pembunuhan massal yang dipertontonkan secara terbuka. Hal ini sangat kontradiktif dengan upaya pembentukan masyarakat demokratis yang sedang berlangsung khususnya perjuangan masyarakat Kurdistan di Suriah Utara dan Timur (Rojava). Akibat dari meluapnya publikasi tentang perang Israel dan Palestina, pandangan masyarakat dunia telah teralihkan pandangannya terkait kekejaman yang dilakukan Turki yang membombardir Rojava sepanjang tahun 2023.

Rohilat Efrin selaku komando Umum YPJ (Unit Perlindungan Perempuan), menyerukan solidaritas internasional untuk perjuangan masyarakat Kurdi yang sedang berjuang menuju perubahan sosial. Ia berpesan dan mengajak kita semua untuk mengutuk Turki yang dinaungi oleh Erdogan, dan secara khusus berpesan kepada semua masyarakat dan pejuang revolusi untuk mengorganisir diri mereka sendiri, berdiri semakin tegak melawan kekuatan yang ingin merebut tanah air mereka dan memusuhi setiap keraguan.

Perjuangan yang melahirkan revolusi sosial di Rojava merupakan sebuah alternatif yang dibangun untuk melawan hegemoni Kapitalisme dan Negara. Perjuangan ini bertujuan untuk membangun pemerintahan mandiri yang demokratis dimana partisipasi setiap masyarakat dibuka dan dijamin didalam majelis yang merupakan sebuah kegiatan pertemuan yang diikuti oleh setiap anggota komunitas untuk Membicarakan kebutuhan dan permasalahan mereka masing-masing berdasarkan demokrasi langsung & konsensus (face to face) tanpa kontrol otoritas hierarkis dan patriarkis khas negara.

Perjuangan rakyat yang berlangsung di Rojava berada dibawah pengaruh PKK (Partai Buruh Kurdi) dibawah kepemimpinan Abdullah Ocaalan. Awalnya gerakan ini berorientasi Marxis-Leninis yang bertujuan menciptakan negara sosialis merdeka yang kemudian bertransformasi menjadi Otonomi Demokratis & Konfederalisme Demokratis. Gerakan ini melibatkan perjuangan pembebasan perempuan, dan mengembangkan cara hidup yang ekologis (berkesinambungan dengan alam).

Konfederalisme Demokratik merupakan sebuah platform politik yang dikembangkan oleh Abdullah Ocaalan. Menurut Apo (sapaan akrab untuk Ocaalan), konfederalisme Demokratik merupakan sebuah sistem sosial dimana masyarakat demokratis menjadi terorganisir didalam organisasi. Tujuan dari gagasan ini ialah untuk membangun pemerintahan mandiri yang mampu mengakomodir kebutuhan setiap masyarakat secara keseluruhan berdasarkan prinsip demokrasi langsung. Dimulai dari lapisan terbawah hingga pada lapisan tertinngi (bottom-up), kerangka kerja sistem ini berbeda dengan model pemerintahan khas negara yang sentralistik nan hierarkis dan cenderung dari atas kebawah (top-down).

Perjuangan revolusi sosial di Rojava juga mangedepankan keterlibatan perempuan digarda depan pertempuran melawan musuh yang datang dari berbagai arah.

Jinealogi adalah sebuah platform politik yang berasal dari perempuan Rojava dan dikembangkan bersama oleh perempuan di Rojava. Jinealogi tediri dari dua kata, Jin dalam bahasa Kurdi yang berarti Perempuan dan Logos dalam istilah Yunani yang berarti ’’kata’’ atau ’’akal’’. Jinealogi merupakan sebuah kerangka analisis feminis radikal yang mencoba menelusuri kaitan antara penindasan gender & pembentukan negara-bangsa, dan penindasan kapitalis dengan pendekatan sejarah dikawasan Timur Tengah.

Pembebasan sosial mengharuskan pembebasan perempuan dari inferioritas patriarki. Mereka menganggap bahwa pembentukan negara dan kapitalisme (baca; dominasi) sangat erat kaitannya dengan penindasan perempuan akibat dari hierarki gender pada era neolitikum di kawasan Mesopotamia. Mereka menyebut ini dengan istilah Kemelut Perpecahan Seksual yang terbagi dalam 3 fase saling berhubungan. Perubahan sosial tanpa pembebasan perempuan adalah sesuatu yang tak masuk akal dan hanya melahirkan perubahan yang rapuh.

Dengan alasan itu para perempuan di Rojava telah mengorganisir diri mereka didialam organisasi mereka masing masing. Sebagian besar bergabung kedalam YPG/YPJ (Unit Perlindungan Perempuan) untuk melawan dominasi patriarki, negara dan kapitalisme modern. Perkembangannya yang semakin pesat, YPG/YPJ kemudian beranggotakan puluhan ribu anggota yang datang dari berbagai suku dan latar belakang tertentu.  Puncaknya adalah ketika mereka berhasil memenangkan pertempuran di Raqqah melawan para jihadis ISIS yang didukung oleh Turki.

Konsensus adalah kunci! sebuah alternatif sistem peradilan dari Rojava.

Revolusi yang tengah belangsung mendorong diciptakannya bentuk sistem peradilan yang baru guna menggantikan sistem peradilan Suriah yang usang. Rakyat dan gerakan politik yang mendukung revolusi menolak keberadaan aparat keamanan, perwakilan politik negara, badan intelijen dari pemerintah nasional Suriah. Hal ini menjadi salah satu aspek pembentukan sebuah organisasi yang bernama ’Komite Perdamaian dan Konsensus, yang dipilih oleh utusan-utusan komune dan dewan rakyat.

Tujuannya adalah untuk menyelesaikan setiap permasalahan ditiap wilayah berdasarkan kesepatakan/konsensus dalam skala distrik, desa atau komunitas. Dibentuk di desa desa, distrik, dan bahkan kadang kadang dijalanan, unit-unit ini adalah tingkat terendah dari lapisan sistem peradilan yang ada di Rojava. Kasus-kasus yang lebih rumit seperti pembunuhan tidak ditangani melainkan dilimpahkan ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi.

Sistem peradilan baru di Rojava juga telah menghapus hukuman mati. Tingkat maksimal hukuman penjara yang ada di Rojava adalah 20 tahun, ditujukan kepada pelaku pelaku pembunuhan, penyiksaan hingga teror. Uniknya selama pembebasan yang telah berlangsung, hanya ada dua kasus kekerasan yang ada di Rojava & ’’penangkapan’’ adalah opsi terakhir bagi sistem peradilan baru di Rojava.

Dalam prinsip hukum baru, orang yang ditangkap tidak dipandang sebagai penjahat melainkan sebagai seseorang yang harus direhabilitasi. Penjara tak dipandang sebagai lembaga penghakiman melainkan lembaga pendidikan (pusat rehabilitasi). Dengan alasan ini, para komisi hukum di Rojava amat memperhatikan masalah kondisi penjara.

Mempelajari gejolak yang tengah berlangsung selama lebih dari satu dekade di Rojava dapat memberikan kita pandangan dan inspirasi baru, khususnya dalam konteks pembebasan perempuan yang sangat erat kaitannya dengan penindasan kapitalisme dan pembentukan negara. Disisi lain menurut Kropotkin, perlawanan terhadap kapitalisme tanpa upaya penghapusan kontrol negara hanya akan melahirkan kekuasaan yang baru. Negara dan Kapitalisme tumbuh dan saling menguatkan satu sama lain.

Maka dari itu perjuangan pembebasan masyarakat mesti dilakukan oleh masyarakat itu sendiri tanpa harus menggantungkan harapan mereka terhadap elite elite penguasa atau partai politik yang kapan saja bisa mengkhianati mereka. Sudah saatnya masyarakat mengorganisir diri mereka sendiri dan bersatu padu berpartisipasi dalam upaya perubahan sosial yang disertai penghancuran kelas. Dengan semangat munisipal yang telah terbangun di Rojava, memberikan gambaran inspirasi bagi kita bahwa gerakan sosial juga bisa dibangun dan diraih oleh masyarakat itu sendiri. berdasarkan prinsip otonomi & demokrasi langsung, demi kesetaraan dan kebebasan, untuk dunia baru didalam hati.

 

Penulis     : Muh. Adi Fauzi

Redaktur : M. Idham Tahir 

 

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