Resensi Buku Pengantar Hukum Indonesia
Penulis : Abd. Kadir
Buku : Pengantar Hukum Indonesia
Penulis : Ratna Artha Windari, S.H., M.H.
Penerbit : PT RajaGrafindo Persada, Depok
Tahun Terbit : Cetakan ke-1, April 2017
Tebal Halaman : 319 Halaman
Cakrawalaide.com – Pengantar Hukum Indonesia merupakan suatu mata kuliah wajib sebagai pemahaman terhadap konsep hukum yang menjadi dasar-dasar pengetahuan hukum di Indoensia, terkhusus bagi pegiat dan mahasiswa yang akan menjadi dan memiliki gelar Sarjana Hukum (S.H) nantinya.
Buku ini berisikan tentang pengetahuan tentang hukum secara umum, dan hukum secara khusus tentang bagaimana hukum di Indonesia.
Dalam buku ini,terdapat dalam 12 Subbab dan pokok bahasan tersendiri, mulai dari hal-hal umum dan abstrak hingga khusus dan kokret. Pembagiannya antara lain yaitu : BAB 1 HUKUM DAN TATA HUKUM INDONESIA, BAB 2 SEJARAH TATA HUKUM DAN POLITIK HUKUM INDONESIA, BAB 3 SISTEM HUKUM DUNIA, BAB 4 HUKUM ADAT, BAB 5 HUKUM PERDATA, BAB 6 HUKUM PIDANA, BAB 7 HUKUM TATA NEGARA DAN HUKUM ADMINISTRASI NEGARA, BAB 8 HUKUM DAGANG, BAB 9 HUKUM AGRARIA, BAB 10 HUKUM INTERNASIONAL, BAB 11 PERADILAN TATA USAHA NEGARA (PTUN), dan BAB 12 HUKUM ACARA.
Subbab pertama yaitu, tentang Hukum dan Tata Hukum Indonesia. Pada Bab pertama ini, yang menjadi pokok pembahasannya adalah terkait Pengertian Hukum Menurut Ahli, Pengertian Pengantar Hukum Indonesia dan Tata Hukum di Indoensia, Tujuan Memperlajari Tata Hukum Indonesia dan terakhir tentang Hubungan Pengantar Ilmu Hukum dan Pengantar Hukum Indonesia. Salah satu ahli hukum yang disebut dalam buku ini dan memberikan definisi khusus tentang hukum, Tullius Cicero (Romawi) mendefiniskan, Hukum adalah akal tertinggi yang ditanamkan oleh alam dalam diri manusia untuk menetapkan apa yang boleh dan apa yang tidak diperbolehkan, dan lebih lanjut merumuskan adagium, yang sering kali disebutkan dalam argumentasi dalam sosiologi hukum, “Ubi Societes Ibi Ius, (di mana ada masyarakat di situ ada hukum).”
Subbab kedua yaitu, membahas khusus tentang Sejarah Tata Hukum dan Politik Hukum di Indonesia. Sejarah Tata Hukum Indonesia, Pengertian Politik Hukum Indonesia, Bentuk dan Corak Hukum dalam Pembentukan Politik Hukum, Politik Hukum Pemerintahan Hindia Belanda, Politik Hukum Setelah Kemerdekaan, dan Dasar Hukum Berlakunya Keanekaragaman Hukum di Indonesia.
Menurut Sejarah dan Politik Hukum Indonesia dijelaskan dalam buku ini, bahwa hukum yang berlaku di Indonesia saat ini tidak bisa dilepas dan dipisahkan dengan sejarah ketika Belanda menjajah negara ini. Sebagai negara jajahan Belanda dan saat Indoensia memproklamasikan kemerdekaan terjadi, dan untuk menanggulangi agar tidak terjadi kekosongan hukum, maka pemerintah menjalankan hukum Belanda dengan menerapkan asas Konkordansi (Persamaan). Hal ini dapat dilihat dalam, Pasal II Aturan Peralihan UUD 1945, yang berbunyi: Segala Badan Negara dan Peraturan yang ada masih langsung berlaku selama belum diadakan yang baru menurut UUD ini.”
Sedangkan pada subbab ketiga ini, membahas khusus tentang system negara di dunia. Mulai dari Pengertian Sistem Hukum, Sistem Hukum Eropa Kontinental/ Civil Law, Sistem Hukum Anglo Saxon/ Common Law, Sistem Hukum Adat, Sistem Hukum Islam, hingga Sistem Hukum Masyarakat Eropa. Indonesia adalah sebuah negara yang menerapkan Sistem Hukum Eropa Kontinental atau yang sering disebut sebagai Civil Law. Sistem ini, bukan tanpa sebab mengapa Civil Law berlaku di Indonesia, seperti diketahui bahwa Belanda yang menjajah Indonesia, pernah dianeksasi oleh prancis yang menggunakan Code Civil. Yang mana hal itu berasal, dari pengadopsian Corpus Juris Civilis system aturan romawi yang bercirikan Eropa Kontinental.
Oleh karena itu Indonesia secara tidak langsung menganut hukum Eropa Kontinetal/Civil Law.
Kemudian, pada subbab keempat, pemabahasannya dikhususkan dengan hukum adat. Dimulai dengan pembahasan Sejarah Berlakunya Hukum Adat, Pengertian dan Istilah Hukum Adat, Corak Hukum Adat Indonesia, Dasar Hukum dan Sumber Berlakunya Hukum Adat, sampai pada Ruang Lingkup Hukum Adat. Dijelaskan pula dalam buku ini bahwa, hukum adat pada dasarnya merupakan budaya adat istiadat zaman kuno, pra-hindu. Namun, hari ini hukum adat yang kita dapati tidak lagi seoriginal yang dulu, sebab telah terjadi akulturasi budaya, dengan masuknya agama hindu, islam, dan keristen. Maka budaya hukum adat kita yang lahir dari proses dialektis akulturasi tersebut menciptakan apa yang sekarang ini kita dapati. Serta menurut Van Vollenhoven hukum adat itu klasifikasikan menjadi tertulis (Ius non scriptum: [1]. Tahun 1000, pada zaman Hindu, Raja Dharmawangsa dari Jawa Timur dengan Kitabnya yang disebut Civacasana. [2]. Daerah Minangkabau, Undang-Undang Nan Dua Puluh (Undang- Undang tentang Hukum Adat Delik di Minangkabau). [3]. Tahun 1759, Van Clost Wijck mengeluarkan kitab yaitu “Compedium” (pegangan/ikhtisar) yang terkenal dengan Compedium Van Clost Wijck mengenai Undang-Undang Bumiputra di lingkungan Keraton Bone dan Goa.) dan ada pula yang tidak tertulis (Ius Scriptum).
Subbab Kelima, khusus terkait pembahasan Hukum Perdata, Sejarah Hukum Perdata, Dasar Berlakunya Hukum Perdata di Indonesia, Pengertian Hukum Perdata, Sistematika Hukum Perdata. Dijelaskan dalam buku ini jika hukum perdata yang ada di Indoensia itu lahir berdasarkan asas konkordansi atau persamaan dari hukum pendata Belanda. Hukum perdata pula dijelaskan sebagai bagian dari hukum privat yang mengatur tentang hubungan subjek dengan subjek hukum lainya, serta hubungan subjek hukum dengan objek hukum. Contoh : hukum tentang orang, hukum keluarga, hukum benda, hukum perikatan, serta hukum pembuktian dan daluarsa.
Subbab keenam, membahasan khusus tentang Hukum Pidana. Hukum Pidana ini merupakan peraturan-peraturan yang berisikan kaidah-kaidah hukum, yang mengatur tentang hak dan kewajiban, perintah dan larangan, dan apabila dilanggar maka akan mendapatkan sanksi yang tidak mengenakkan. Hukum Pidana masuk dalam rana public karena terjadi dan pelakunya bisa siapa saja dan kapan saja, dan memiliki sanksi, beda lagi dengan pertada tidak diberikan sanksi oleh negara.
Pada bagian ke tujuh, khusus membahas tentang Hukum Tata Negara dan Hukum Administrasi Negara. Hukum Tata Negara secara khusus membahas tentang tata aturan kenegaraan, yaitu struktur dari suatau negara baik dalam bentuk lembaga negara atau dari fungsi tugasnya. Seperti Presiden, Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR), Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR), Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD), Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK), Mahakamah Agung (MA), Mahkamah Kontitusi (MK), Komisi Yudisial (KY), dan Dewan Pertimbagan Agung (DPA). Sedangkan Hukum Administrasi Negara khusus membahas bagaimana hubungan lembaga negara dengan masyarakat dalam menjalan tugas dan fungsinya.
Selanjutnya, tentang Hukum Dagang. Hukum Dagang ini, masuk dalam hubungan privat atau perdata, tetapi lebih dikhususkan terhadap perdagangan. Sejarah Hukum Dagang di Indonesia yaitu lahir dari kitab Wetbook van Koophandel (WvK) yang sekarang lebih sering disebut sebagai Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Dagang (KUHD). Bebarapa konteks yang diatur dalam Hukum Dagang adalah Hukum Perorang (Personenrecht), Hukum Kebendaan (Zakenrecht), Hukum Perikatan (Verbintenissenrecht), Pembuktian dan Daluwarsa.
Dilanjutkan subbab ke sembilan ialah Hukum Agraria. Mengapa hal ini masuk dalam buku Pengantar Hukum Indonesia, menurut hemat penulis karena adanya tanah dari dulu sampai sekarang menjadi objek yang sangat penting dalam hidup manusia. Tanah merupakan suatu hal penting, karena di atas tanahlah kita mendirikan rumah tempat tinggal kita, padi dari hasil petani, lahannya di atas tanah, segala sesuatu yang sifatnya pokok dilakukan diatas tanah. Lebih lanjut dalam buku ini, juga menjelaskan bahwa agraria bukan hanya tentang tanah saja, seperti dijelaskan pada Pasal 33 ayat 3 berbunyi “Bumi, air dan kekayaan yang terkandunng di dalamnya dikuasai oleh negara dan dipergunakan sebesar-besar kemakmuran rakyat.”.
Kemudian lebih lanjut lagi, pada subbab sepuluh pembahasannya masuk dalam materi Hukum Internasional. Dalam buku ini, Hukum Internasional dapat dibagi menjadi dua sub bahasan. Pertama Hukum International yang mengatur hubungan antara negara/organisasi yang satu dengan negara/oraganisasi yang lain, dan/atau dengan individual. Hal yang menjadi serangkaian kejadian hukum yang diatur dalam hukum internasional adalah, kejahatan terhadap kemanusia, kejahatan terhadap perdamaian, dan kejahatan-kejahatan perang. Selain itu pada sub kedua khusus membahas terkait Hukum Perdata International, yang mengatur hubungan antara subjek hukum international yaitu orang perorangan yang tunduk pada hukum perdata yang berbeda dan orang perorangan yang tunduk hukum perdata yang lainnya.
Pada subbab ke sebelas kita akan membahas hal yang menyangkut dengan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negera (PTUN). PTUN adalah peradilan khusus yang mengatur tentang hubungan Badan dan/atau lembaga negara dan/atau privat yang menyelenggarakan tugas-tugas pemerintahan. Dalam buku ini juga dijealskan, bagaimana cara mengajukan gugatan ke PTUN, dengan memaparkan dua syarat yang perlu diperhatikan.
Pertama, Syarat Materiil: [a]. Keputusan harus dibuat oleh alat negara (organ) yang berwenang; [b]. Karena keputusan itu suatu pernyataan kehendak (wilsverklaring), maka pembentukan kehendak itu tidak boleh memuat kekurangan yuridis; [c]. Keputusan harus diberi bentuk (vorm) yang ditetapkan dalam peraturan dasarnya dan pembuatnya harus memerhatikan cara (prosedur) membuat keputusan itu, bilamana hal ini ditetapkan dengan tegas dalam peraturan dasar tersebut; [d]. Isi dan tujuan keputusan harus sesuai dengan isi dan tujuan peraturan dasar.
Kedua, Syarat Formil: [a]. Syarat-syarat yang ditentukan yang berhubungan dengan persiapan dibuatnya keputusan dan yang berhubungan dengan cara dibuatnya keputusan, harus dipenuhi; [b]. Keputusan harus diberi bentuk yang ditentukan; [c]. Syarat-syarat yang ditentukan yang berhubungan dengan dilakukannya keputusan, harus dipenuhi; [d]. Jangka waktu yang ditentukan antara timbulnya hal-hal yang menyebabkan dibuatnya keputusan dan diumumkannya keputusan itu tidak boleh dilewati dan pada subbab terakhir, membahas khusus tentang Hukum Acara. Hukum acara adalah suatu bagian dari hukum formal untuk mempertahankan hukum materil dalam suatu peristiwa hukum, baik itu perdata, pidana, hingga bagaiamana Hukum Acara dalam Peradilan Mahkamah Konstitusi.
Dalam bab ini secara garis besar terdiri atas tiga bagian.
Bagian pertama adalah Hukum Acara Perdata, yang terdiri atas pengertian, sumber hukum, susunan dalam badan peradilan di Indonesia, pemberian kuasa (lastgeving), proses dan tahapan berperkara perdata, serta upaya hukum yang dapat ditempuh dalam hukum acara perdata. Bagian kedua adalah Hukum Acara Pidana, yang terdiri atas pengertian, sumber hukum, asas-asas hukum acara pidana, serta proses penyelesaian dalam perkara pidana. Bagian ketiga adalah Hukum Acara Mahkamah Konstitusi, yang terdiri dari pengertian, asas-asas, dasar hukum, pihak yang berhak mengajukan permohonan (Legal Standing), beban pembuktian dan alat bukti dalam Hukum Acara Mahkamah Konstitusi, serta prosedur dan tata cara berperkara dalam Hukum Acara Mahkamah Konstitusi.
Kelebihan Buku
Buku ini, menurut hemat saya cukup untuk memberikan pemahaman terkait bagaimana dasar terkait konsep tentang hukum di Indoensia pada umumnya. Konsep yang perlu ketahui, dikenal, dan dipahami agar mempermudah seorang mahasiswa yang akan mendapatkan gelar Sarjana Hukum, dan juga tidak lepas bagi mahasiswa yang bukan mahasiswa hukum atau masyarakat umum yang ingin memahami konsep-konsep dasar dalam Pengantar Hukum Indonesia. Selain itu, isi dari tulisan ini memberikan pengetahuan tentang konsep-konsep dari dasar-dasar Hukum di Indonesia, sacara komperhensif sebagai bagian dari pemahaman huku.
Kekurangan Buku
Selain memaparkan konsep-konsep hukum seacara komperhensif, dan karena buku ini sebagai pengantar maka mau tidak mau, kajian dalam bukunya kurang mendalam. Selain kurang mendalam karena hanya sebatas Pengantar Hukum Indonesia, pemaparan dalam buku ini juga terkesan kaku, dan kurang deskriptif.
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