Humanisme dan Sesudahnya : Meninjau Ulang Gagasan Besar Tentang Manusia

173

Penulis : Muh. Arif Setia Budi

Judul Buku: Humanisme dan Sesudahnya: Meninjau Ulang Gagasan Besar tentang Manusia
Nama Penulis: F. Budi Hardiman
Penyunting Buku: Christina M. Udiani
Perancang Sampul: Leopold Adi Surya
Penataletak: B. Esti W.U dan Pinahayu Parvati
Penerbit Buku: KPG ( Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia)
Tahun Terbit: Juni 2012
Cetakan: Kedua,Februari 2020
ISBN: 978-602-481-346-8
Ketebalan Buku: ix + 115 halaman

Cakrawalaide.com- Sebelum membaca buku Humanisme penulis membuka dengan kutipan dari Blaise Pascal, “Apakah manusia itu?…”

Seolah-olah penulis membuat kita berpikir bagaimana manusia sebenarnya. Penulis lulusan Hochschule fúr Philosophie Múnchen, Jerman yang sekarang mengajar filsafat di Universitas Pelita Harapan dalam bukunya ini mengajak kita untuk mendengarkan bagaimana ulasannya tentang Humanisme.

Buku kecil ini yang berukuran 13cm x 19cm, mengurai dengan jernih pengertian humanisme, perkembangannya, dan berbagai kritik terhadap humanisme. Tidak berhenti disitu, penulis juga menawarkan tafsir baru atas paham tersebut, yang disebutnya sebagai “Humanisme Lentur.

Dengan genre buku yang bertema filsafat, bahasa yang digunakan dalam buku lumayan agak berat, banyak istilah-istilah yang perlu dicari di internet agar paham maksud istilahnya. Jadi, saat membaca buku ini perlu alat bantu berupa smartphone laptop untuk digunakan mencari istilah-istilah yang dalam buku ini sebagai bahan acuan untuk memahami maksud yang ingin disampaikan penulis dalam buku ini.

Setelah saya membaca buku ini, saya sangat merekomendasikan kalian untuk membaca buku ini jika tertarik dengan hal-hal yang berbau filsafat. terakhir untuk catatan, sebaiknya sebelum membaca buku ini, bacalah buku tentang dasar-dasar filsafat terlebih dahulu.

Sinopsis

Lahirnya Kemanusiaan
Humanisme kritis dimulai dengan gerakan umanisti pada zaman Renaisans abad ke-14 sampai ke-16 dan memuncak pada humanisme pencerahan Eropa abad ke-18. Kekristenan abad pertengahan, lewat agustinus dari hippo, memang telah menambahkan aspek adikodrati pada pemahaman tentang manusia yang berkembang di zaman kuno. Namun, sebagaimana diketahui lewat sejarah, tafsir religio-politis itu pada gilirannya mendominasi masyarakat sehingga manusia dan kemanusiaannya dialenasi dari keduniawiannya yang otentik.

Kaum humanis ditandai oleh pendekatan rasional mereka terhadap manusia yang tidak terburu-buru melakukan “hubungan singkat” dengan otoritas wahyu ilahi, melainkan lebih dahulu lewat penelitian yang cermat atas ciri keduniawian dan alamiah manusia. Perhatian ditumpuhkan pada antara lain toleransi, vitalitas jiwa, keelokan raga, persahabatan.

Di atas tanah humanisme sekular itu tumbuh berbagai pengetahuan, teknologi, industri, birokrasi, profesi, dan konsumsi yang sampai hari ini memberi kita suatu keyakinan yang makin besar bahwa kehidupan di dunia ini penting dan dalam kendali kita manusia. Kebahagiaan pun tidak lagi perlu ditunggu sampai hari pengadilan terakhir, melainkan diupayakan sekarang dan didunia-sini lewat sistem pengetahuan dan pengaturan masyarakat yang rasional.

“Le bonheur est une idee newe en Europe” (kebahagiaan adalah sebuah gagasan baru di Eropa), perkataan yang meluncur dari Saint-Just di zaman pencerahan ini mengungkap optimisme zaman itu terhadap cahaya nalar yang dianggap mampu mengusir kegelisahan manusia terhadap dunia di balik kubur dan memusatkan diri pada pencapaian-pencapaian kesejahteraan di dunia ini.
Para Pembunuh Tuhan.

Menurut diskursus humanisme masa itu yang diwakili oleh filsuf jerman Immanuel Kant, kesalahan kerumunan “saleh” pada abad pertengahan adalah ketidakberanian mereka untuk berpikir sendiri di luar tuntutan dogmatisme agama dan otoritas yang menjaganya. Tidak ada sumber otoritas yang begitu menghasilkan kepatuhan dan kesediaan berkorban seperti aturan-aturan politis yang dibenarkan dengan nama Allah. Mempertanyakan aturan-aturan sakral seperti itu tidak hanya berisiko kematian di dunia ini, melainkan juga diyakini berisiko kematian di dunia ini, melainkan juga diyakini berisiko dijebloskan ke neraka jahanam. Karena itu tidak ada teror yang lebih efektif daripada teror atas nama Allah yang menyembul ke luar dari doktrin-doktrin agama yang memusuhi kehidupan duniawi.

Kemanusiaan yang sepenuhnya otentik yang dicari para humanis dirumuskan secara metafisis oleh filsuf Prancis abad ke-20, Jean-Paul Sarte (1905-80), dengan ungkapannya yang termasyhur “eksistensi mendahului esinsi”. Menurutnya manusia bereksistensi dulu, yakni berada di dunia ini, dan baru kemudian bisa didefinisikan esensinya, yakni setelah ia mati.

Eksistensi mendahului esensi berarti suatu kebebasan manusia yang mutlak tanpa tuhan yang memberi tujuan-tujuan kepada hidupnya. Manusia yang bertuhan menemukan makna hidupnya jika hidupnya merupakan realisasi destiny atau takdirnya. Namun, menurut sarte destiny atau tujuan yang ditetapkan oleh Tuhan sejak awal mula justru merupakan sesuatu yang memasung kebebasan manusia untuk merealisasikan diri dan kebebasannya. Jadi, tidak ada destiny dari luar diri manusia. Satu-satunya destiny manusia adalah kebebasannya. Karena itu dalam peradaban humanistis kita akan menghargai manusia bukan karena kesesuaiannya dengan standar-standar kemanusiaan tertentu yang ditetapkan lebih dahulu, entah secara metafisis ataupun teologis, melainkan karena manusia adalah kebebasan itu sendiri.

Di dalam sejarah humanisme Barat, tidak ada pemikir yang begitu radikal menekankan kebebasan manusia seperti filsuf prancis ini. Darinya kita dapat melihat bagaimana humanisme tidak sekadar merupakan suatu antrosentrisme yang sudah dimulai sejak Descartes, melainkan juga sesuatu yang hanya mungkin bila Tuhan disingkirkan. Seperti para humanis ateistis pendahulunya, alasan penyingkiran Tuhan itu jelas, dia dianggap menghalangi kebebasan dan terealisasi bakat-bakat besar manusia.

Redaktur : Salsadilla Rahim

173 thoughts on “Humanisme dan Sesudahnya : Meninjau Ulang Gagasan Besar Tentang Manusia

  1. What’s Happening i’m new to this, I stumbled upon this I have found
    It positively helpful and it has helped me out loads. I am
    hoping to give a contribution & help different users like its helped me.
    Good job.

  2. Howdy! I know this is kind of off topic but I was wondering which blog platform are you using for
    this site? I’m getting sick and tired of WordPress
    because I’ve had problems with hackers and I’m looking at options for another platform.

    I would be awesome if you could point me in the direction of
    a good platform.

  3. I really like your blog.. very nice colors & theme. Did you make this website yourself or did you hire someone to do it for you?
    Plz respond as I’m looking to construct my own blog and would like to know where u got this from.

    many thanks

  4. Excellent post. I was checking continuously this blog and I’m impressed!
    Extremely useful info particularly the last part 🙂 I care for such info a
    lot. I was seeking this particular info for a long time. Thank you and best of luck.

  5. Thanks for any other excellent post. Where
    else may just anybody get that type of info in such a perfect manner of writing?
    I’ve a presentation subsequent week, and I am at the look for such info.

  6. Hey! Do you know if they make any plugins to assist with Search
    Engine Optimization? I’m trying to get my blog to rank for some targeted keywords but I’m not seeing very good success.

    If you know of any please share. Thank you!

  7. you are in reality a good webmaster. The site loading speed is
    incredible. It sort of feels that you are doing any unique trick.
    Furthermore, The contents are masterpiece. you have performed a fantastic job on this subject!

  8. Hmm it appears like your website ate my first comment
    (it was extremely long) so I guess I’ll just sum it
    up what I had written and say, I’m thoroughly enjoying your blog.
    I too am an aspiring blog writer but I’m still new to the whole thing.
    Do you have any recommendations for newbie blog writers?
    I’d genuinely appreciate it.

  9. I discovered your blog site on google and check a few of your early posts. Continue to keep up the very good operate. I just additional up your RSS feed to my MSN News Reader. Seeking forward to reading more from you later on!…

  10. Thanks for some other fantastic post. The place else could anybody get that type of information in such an ideal manner of writing? I have a presentation subsequent week, and I’m on the search for such information.

  11. Wow that was odd. I just wrote an really long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyway, just wanted to say superb blog!

  12. Somebody essentially help to make seriously posts I would state. This is the very first time I frequented your website page and thus far? I surprised with the research you made to create this particular publish amazing. Wonderful job!

  13. I do agree with all the ideas you’ve presented in your post. They are really convincing and will certainly work. Still, the posts are very short for novices. Could you please extend them a bit from next time? Thanks for the post.

  14. An impressive share, I just given this onto a colleague who was doing a little analysis on this. And he in fact bought me breakfast because I found it for him.. smile. So let me reword that: Thnx for the treat! But yeah Thnkx for spending the time to discuss this, I feel strongly about it and love reading more on this topic. If possible, as you become expertise, would you mind updating your blog with more details? It is highly helpful for me. Big thumb up for this blog post!

  15. I don’t even know the way I stopped up here, but I believed this post was great. I do not understand who you’re however definitely you’re going to a well-known blogger in the event you are not already 😉 Cheers!

  16. Great blog here! Also your website loads up very fast! What host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host? I wish my web site loaded up as fast as yours lol

  17. Have you ever thought about including a little bit more than just your articles? I mean, what you say is fundamental and everything. Nevertheless imagine if you added some great graphics or video clips to give your posts more, “pop”! Your content is excellent but with images and clips, this site could definitely be one of the best in its niche. Amazing blog!

  18. whoah this weblog is wonderful i really like studying your posts. Keep up the great work! You know, many persons are searching around for this information, you could aid them greatly.

  19. Throughout this grand design of things you’ll get a B- just for effort. Where you confused me personally ended up being in your details. As they say, the devil is in the details… And that could not be much more accurate here. Having said that, allow me tell you just what exactly did work. The article (parts of it) is rather persuasive and this is possibly the reason why I am taking an effort in order to comment. I do not make it a regular habit of doing that. 2nd, while I can easily notice a jumps in logic you make, I am not necessarily confident of just how you seem to connect the details that produce the final result. For now I will, no doubt yield to your issue however trust in the foreseeable future you connect the dots better.

  20. I’ve been surfing online more than three hours these days, but I by no means found any interesting article like yours. It is lovely worth enough for me. Personally, if all site owners and bloggers made just right content as you did, the net shall be a lot more helpful than ever before.

  21. Thanks, I have just been looking for info approximately this subject for a long time and yours is the greatest I’ve found out till now. But, what about the conclusion? Are you positive in regards to the supply?

  22. Can I just say what a relief to find someone who actually knows what theyre talking about on the internet. You definitely know how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More people need to read this and understand this side of the story. I cant believe youre not more popular because you definitely have the gift.

  23. Along with almost everything which appears to be building inside this particular area, a significant percentage of opinions are relatively exciting. Nonetheless, I am sorry, but I do not give credence to your whole plan, all be it radical none the less. It looks to everybody that your opinions are actually not totally rationalized and in fact you are generally your self not even entirely convinced of your argument. In any event I did take pleasure in examining it.

  24. Some genuinely great information, Gladiolus I observed this. “It’s amazing what ordinary people can do if they set out without preconceived notions.” by Charles Franklin Kettering.

  25. Hello my friend! I wish to say that this article is awesome, great written and come with almost all important infos. I would like to peer extra posts like this .

  26. My brother suggested I might like this web site. He was once totally right. This publish actually made my day. You cann’t consider simply how so much time I had spent for this info! Thank you!

  27. Awesome blog! Do you have any recommendations for aspiring writers? I’m planning to start my own site soon but I’m a little lost on everything. Would you advise starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for a paid option? There are so many options out there that I’m completely overwhelmed .. Any ideas? Thanks!

  28. Hiya, I’m really glad I’ve found this info. Nowadays bloggers publish only about gossips and web and this is really frustrating. A good website with exciting content, that is what I need. Thank you for keeping this web site, I’ll be visiting it. Do you do newsletters? Can’t find it.

  29. Exceptional post but I was wondering if you could write a litte more on this subject? I’d be very thankful if you could elaborate a little bit more. Thank you!

  30. Today, I went to the beach with my children. I found a sea shell and gave it to my 4 year old daughter and said “You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.” She put the shell to her ear and screamed. There was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her ear. She never wants to go back! LoL I know this is totally off topic but I had to tell someone!

  31. Whats Taking place i’m new to this, I stumbled upon this I have discovered It positively helpful and it has helped me out loads. I hope to give a contribution & aid other customers like its helped me. Good job.

  32. Thank you, I’ve recently been looking for info approximately this subject for a long time and yours is the greatest I’ve discovered so far. But, what about the bottom line? Are you certain concerning the source?

  33. Good – I should definitely pronounce, impressed with your site. I had no trouble navigating through all tabs as well as related info ended up being truly simple to do to access. I recently found what I hoped for before you know it at all. Reasonably unusual. Is likely to appreciate it for those who add forums or anything, website theme . a tones way for your client to communicate. Excellent task..

  34. Wonderful blog! I found it while browsing on Yahoo News. Do you have any suggestions on how to get listed in Yahoo News? I’ve been trying for a while but I never seem to get there! Many thanks

  35. Thanks for every other magnificent post. The place else may just anybody get that kind of information in such a perfect means of writing? I have a presentation subsequent week, and I am at the look for such info.

  36. Please let me know if you’re looking for a writer for your blog. You have some really good posts and I believe I would be a good asset. If you ever want to take some of the load off, I’d really like to write some content for your blog in exchange for a link back to mine. Please send me an e-mail if interested. Many thanks!

  37. I am really loving the theme/design of your blog. Do you ever run into any web browser compatibility problems? A few of my blog audience have complained about my site not operating correctly in Explorer but looks great in Firefox. Do you have any ideas to help fix this problem?

  38. It’s a pity you don’t have a donate button! I’d definitely donate to this fantastic blog! I suppose for now i’ll settle for bookmarking and adding your RSS feed to my Google account. I look forward to fresh updates and will talk about this website with my Facebook group. Chat soon!

  39. Hi there! Do you know if they make any plugins to assist with SEO? I’m trying to get my blog to rank for some targeted keywords but I’m not seeing very good results. If you know of any please share. Thanks!

  40. I haven’t checked in here for some time since I thought it was getting boring, but the last few posts are good quality so I guess I will add you back to my daily bloglist. You deserve it my friend 🙂

  41. Pretty section of content. I just stumbled upon your site and in accession capital to assert that I get actually enjoyed account your blog posts. Anyway I will be subscribing to your feeds and even I achievement you access consistently fast.

  42. Hey there would you mind letting me know which webhost you’re utilizing? I’ve loaded your blog in 3 completely different internet browsers and I must say this blog loads a lot faster then most. Can you recommend a good internet hosting provider at a fair price? Thanks, I appreciate it!

  43. Very nice post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted to say that I have truly enjoyed surfing around your blog posts. After all I’ll be subscribing to your feed and I hope you write again soon!

  44. An attention-grabbing discussion is value comment. I think that it is best to write extra on this subject, it won’t be a taboo subject but typically individuals are not enough to speak on such topics. To the next. Cheers

  45. I savour, result in I discovered exactly what I used to be taking a look for. You’ve ended my 4 day long hunt! God Bless you man. Have a great day. Bye

  46. I cling on to listening to the rumor talk about getting boundless online grant applications so I have been looking around for the finest site to get one. Could you advise me please, where could i get some?

  47. This is very interesting, You’re a very skilled blogger. I’ve joined your feed and look forward to seeking more of your excellent post. Also, I’ve shared your web site in my social networks!

  48. I conceive this internet site has some real superb info for everyone :D. “The public will believe anything, so long as it is not founded on truth.” by Edith Sitwell.

  49. This is the right blog for anyone who wants to find out about this topic. You realize so much its almost hard to argue with you (not that I actually would want…HaHa). You definitely put a new spin on a topic thats been written about for years. Great stuff, just great!

  50. It¦s in reality a nice and useful piece of information. I¦m happy that you shared this useful information with us. Please stay us up to date like this. Thank you for sharing.

  51. FitSpresso: What Is It?FitSpresso is a natural weight loss aid designed for individuals dealing with stubborn weight gain. It is made using only science-backed natural ingredients.

  52. Thank you for another informative web site. Where else may just I am getting that kind of info written in such a perfect means? I have a project that I’m simply now operating on, and I have been at the look out for such info.

  53. Some really wonderful info , Sword lily I discovered this. “It’s amazing what ordinary people can do if they set out without preconceived notions.” by Charles Franklin Kettering.

  54. I like the valuable info you supply to your articles. I’ll bookmark your weblog and test once more right here regularly. I’m rather certain I will learn a lot of new stuff proper right here! Good luck for the next!

  55. ProNerve 6 nerve relief formula stands out due to its advanced formula combining natural ingredients that have been specifically put together for the exceptional health advantages it offers.

  56. I like what you guys are up too. Such intelligent work and reporting! Keep up the superb works guys I¦ve incorporated you guys to my blogroll. I think it will improve the value of my web site 🙂

  57. I haven?¦t checked in here for some time as I thought it was getting boring, but the last several posts are great quality so I guess I?¦ll add you back to my everyday bloglist. You deserve it my friend 🙂

  58. What i do not realize is in reality how you are not really much more smartly-appreciated than you might be right now. You are very intelligent. You already know therefore considerably when it comes to this matter, produced me in my opinion believe it from a lot of various angles. Its like women and men are not involved unless it’s something to accomplish with Woman gaga! Your personal stuffs outstanding. All the time care for it up!

  59. I’m not that much of a internet reader to be honest but your sites really nice, keep it up! I’ll go ahead and bookmark your website to come back down the road. Many thanks

  60. I’ve read several good stuff here. Definitely worth bookmarking for revisiting. I surprise how much effort you put to create such a fantastic informative web site.

  61. I want to point out my respect for your kindness giving support to persons who require assistance with that theme. Your very own commitment to passing the solution throughout has been rather good and have continually helped guys like me to realize their dreams. Your own valuable instruction implies a great deal to me and a whole lot more to my peers. Thank you; from all of us.

  62. I believe that is among the so much vital info for me. And i’m glad reading your article. However want to remark on few normal issues, The web site taste is perfect, the articles is truly great : D. Just right task, cheers

  63. When I originally commented I clicked the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and now each time a comment is added I get four emails with the same comment. Is there any way you can remove me from that service? Thanks!

  64. Dead composed subject matter, thanks for selective information. “The last time I saw him he was walking down Lover’s Lane holding his own hand.” by Fred Allen.

  65. I have been absent for a while, but now I remember why I used to love this web site. Thanks, I will try and check back more frequently. How frequently you update your site?

  66. Hey There. I discovered your blog the use of msn. That is an extremely smartly written article. I’ll be sure to bookmark it and return to learn extra of your helpful info. Thanks for the post. I will certainly return.

  67. Thanks for any other excellent article. Where else could anyone get that type of information in such an ideal approach of writing? I’ve a presentation subsequent week, and I’m at the look for such information.

  68. I discovered your weblog site on google and test just a few of your early posts. Continue to maintain up the very good operate. I simply extra up your RSS feed to my MSN News Reader. Searching for ahead to reading more from you afterward!…

  69. I will right away snatch your rss as I can not find your e-mail subscription hyperlink or newsletter service. Do you’ve any? Kindly permit me know so that I may just subscribe. Thanks.

  70. Hi there! I know this is kinda off topic but I was wondering which blog platform are you using for this site? I’m getting tired of WordPress because I’ve had issues with hackers and I’m looking at options for another platform. I would be awesome if you could point me in the direction of a good platform.

  71. Thank you for another informative web site. Where else could I get that kind of information written in such an ideal way? I have a project that I’m just now working on, and I’ve been on the look out for such info.

  72. And then there s the case of Vera Coking, a widow who refused to sell her house to Penthouse owner Bob Guccione, prompting him to build the steel skeleton of a building right around it walmart priligy After adjusting for input see methods, 49, 927 progesterone alone and 75, 030 estrogen pretreated progesterone binding sites were scored

  73. I would like to thank you for the efforts you’ve put in writing this site. I’m hoping the same high-grade blog post from you in the upcoming as well. Actually your creative writing skills has inspired me to get my own site now. Actually the blogging is spreading its wings fast. Your write up is a great example of it.

Tinggalkan Balasan

Alamat email Anda tidak akan dipublikasikan. Ruas yang wajib ditandai *