Tragedi G30S 1965 di Mata Dua Akademisi
Penulis: Wahyudi Iskandar
Cakrawalaide.com – Peristiwa sejarah G30S 1965 sudah 55 tahun berlalu. Perdebatan terkait peristiwa tersebut masih terus terjadi. Sudut pandang melihat sejarah kelam itu juga terus berkembang. Historia.ID mengadakan dialog dengan tajuk “1965: Sejarah yang Dikubur” secara daring dengan menghadirkan pembicara Grace Leksana dan John Rosa, Selasa 29 September 2020.
Dialog yang berlangsung selama satu setengah jam ini memberi kesempatan kepada kedua pembicara sesuai dengan latar belakang keduanya sebagai akademisi. Grace Leksana peneliti sejarah 1965 yang meraih Doktor sejarah Universitas Leiden Belanda dengan disertasi seputar memori 1965 dan John Roosa sebagai sejarawan University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada dan dipandu oleh moderator Bonnie Triyana selaku pemimpin redaksi Historia.ID
Sebagai pengantar, Bonnie Triyana melihat fenomena menguatnya isu PKI (Partai Komunis Indonesia) di media sosial yang terjadi menjelang bulan September setiap tahunnya. Menurut Bonnei, peristiwa ini diawali pada Oktober 1965 dini hari saat terjadi penculikan dan pembunuhan enam orang perwira tinggi Angkatan Darat di Jakarta dan satu perwira pertama ajudan Jenderal Nasution. kemudian disusul oleh kejadian lainnya, yaitu Ade Irma Suryani, keponakan dari Jenderal Panjaitan dan dua orang lainnya di Jogja.
Ada berbagai macam versi terkait G30S. Orde Baru yang menjadi versi resmi menyebutkan bahwa PKI ada di belakang itu semua. Peristiwa tersebut kemudian diikuti dengan gelombang penangkapan, pembunuhan, pemenjarahan massal orang-orang yang tertuduh sebagai anggota PKI, baik dengan pengadilan maupun tidak dengan pengadilan.
“Prinsipnya bahwa peristiwa pembunuhan itu tidak bisa kita benarkan. Namun kita juga tidak bisa membenarkan tindakan-tindakan lainnya yang mengiringi peristiwa itu,” tegas Bonnie.
Pada kesempatan yang diberikan, Grace Leksana banyak bercerita soal memori tahun 1965 yang berkaitan dengan disertasinya. Memori peristiwa kekerasan pasca 65 itu masih ada di masyarakat hingga hari ini. Kontestasi memori di ruang publik yang kemudian menormalisasi peristiwa kekerasan banyak ia temui saat melakukan penelitian. Menurutnya, narasi yang membenarkan peristiwa kekerasan pasca 65 tersebut dominan dipercayai oleh masyarakat di akar rumput.
Ia juga melihat bahwa narasi yang membenarkan kejadian 1965 itu dihubungkan dengan persitiwa 1948 yang direproduksi di tengah masyarakat, padahal kebenarnya masih belum jelas. “Kasus 65 itu tidak jelas, kita tahu ada pembunuhan ada kekerasan tapi bagaimana persisnya itu dilakukan, siapa yang terlibat, siapa korban dan pelakunya itu masih buram,” tuturnya.
Sebagai ilustrasi bagaimana memori tersebut dikonstuksi, Grace menjelaskan bahwa di Malang Selatan, saat masa-masa pemilu pertama pada era Soeharto, Polisi membangun sebuah monumen ditahun 1972 untuk memperingati empat polisi yang meninggal akibat peristiwa 1948 di Madiun. Walaupun tak ada catatan sejarah yang menjelaskan terkait kejadian tersebut. Ia juga kesulitan memverifikasi terkait monumen peristiwa ini karena tidak menemukan catatan terkait peristiwa itu.
“Uniknya monumen itu dibangun ditahun 1972, jadi ada selang beberapa dekade hingga monumen itu dibangun untuk memperingati kejadian ditahun 1948 yang sebenarnya kejadian itu juga tidak jelas,” tutur Grace.
Selanjutnya, Grace menambahkan bahwa itu adalah ilustrasi untuk menunjukkan bagaimana peristiwa 1948 itu selalu dikaitkan dengan 1965 untuk menormalisasi narasi kekerasan pasca 1965 dan membangun persepsi seolah-olah tindakan kekerasan itu diperlukan. Padahal dua kejadian itu jelas berbeda.
Bonnie selaku moderator menambahkan bahwa monumen tersebut di bangun seolah – olah untuk mengkekalkan memori tentang kekerasan saat peristiwa Madiun tersebut sebagai cara untuk mengimbangi bahkan memperkuat narasi yang telah dibuat oleh pemerintah Orde Baru saat itu.
Ada banyak kejadian setelah 1965 bukan hanya peristiwa G30S. Dibalik peristiwa tersebut ada pembunuhan massal, penahanan massal terhadap orang-orang yang tertuduh terkait dengan PKI dalam jangka waktu panjang hingga tahun 1979.
“Saya kira kita harus melihat G30S sebagai satu peristiwa tersendiri. Apa yg terjadi sesudah G 30S sebenarnya tidak tergantung kepada G30S itu sendiri, ada banyak opsi, opsi untuk tentara, untuk soekarno, untuk PKI dan untuk semua pihak untuk mengambil opsi lain,” jelas John Roosa mengawali pembahasannya.
Lebih jauh, John menuturkan bahwa peristiwa yang terjadi kemudian adalah pembunuhan massal. Ia juga melihat dari sudut yang berbeda bahwa perisitwa pembunuhan massal haruslah dilihat sebagai peristiwa tersendiri. “Berbicara soal pembunuhan massal, sebenarnya kita harus berbicara tentang penghilangan paksa karena itu bentuk kekerasan tersendiri. Jika hanya membahas soal kekerasan (G 30 S) itu tidak itu tepat,” tambahnya.
Kekerasan yang terjadi ditahun 1965 bukanlah suatu kejadian yang normal untuk orang yang ada pada zaman itu. Rentetan kejadian setelahnya termasuk pembunuhan massal, penahanan tanpa pengadilan, diskriminasi dan kekerasan lainnya tidaklah bisa dibenarkan.
Masyarakat cenderung berhenti pada ingatan saat peristiwa 1 Oktober 1965, ketika para perwira militer dibunuh dan masyarakat mengabaikan rentetan peristiwa sebelum dan setelah peristiwa itu, lalu menciptakan stigma terhadap komunis. Seperti yang dikatakan Grace bahwa posisinya sangat tidak seimbang karena narasi tentang kekerasan yang dialami kaum komunis lebih sedikit dibanding narasi G30S buatan pemerintah. Narasi bentukan pemerintah telah masuk ke ranah formal dan terus direproduksi di ranah pendidikan, sastra, budaya maupun museum dan perayaan tertentu.
Disesi akhir, para pembicara memberikan pandangannya terkait upaya rekonsiliasi. Ada banyak penafsiran terkait rekonsiliasi. Bonnie mencontohkan rekonsiliasi yang pernah terjadi di Afrika Selatan, dimana negara mengambil peran melaksanakannya seperti yang dilakukan oleh Nelson Mandela.
Pandangan berbeda diungkapkan oleh Grace. Menurutnya untuk upaya rekonsiliasi di Indonesia sangatlah kompleks. Hal tersebut dikarenakan para korban peristiwa 65 memiliki keinginan berbeda akibat panjangnya jalan rekonsiliasi yang hingga hari ini tidak mereka dapatkan.
“Setiap korban keinginannya berbeda-beda, semisal ada korban meminta negara untuk meminta maaf, ada yang meminta pelurusan sejarah, bahkan ada korban yang mengikhlaskan kejadian tersebut,” terangnya.
Jika negara ingin berperan dalam menjalankan rekonsiliasi, negara harus mendukung riset – riset ditahun 1965 sebelum maupun setelah kejadian tersebut. Membuka fakta dan melueskan upaya penelusuran sejarah sebagai contohnya. Selain itu, ruang-ruang diskursus secara terbuka mengenai peristiwa tersebut perlu dibuka luas dan negara harusnya melindunginya.
Sementara menurut John Roosa, yang terpenting dari rekonsiliasi adalah membangun rasa kemanusiaan, salah satu upaya yaitu membantu keluarga korban yang mau mencari jenazah-jenazah keluarga mereka akibat pembantaian 1965-1968.
Sebagai penutup dialog, Bonnie mengatakan bahwa rasa kemanusiaan adalah cahaya di ujung terowongan. Berdebat dan berselisih pendapat ketika kita punya landasan kemanusiaan dan negara juga merujuk pada kemanusiaan menurutnya adalah kunci jawaban dalam melihat persoalan ini. Artinya kemanusiaan tidak membatasi sekat ideologi, etnis maupun agama, tapi nilai kemanuisaanlah yang membuat perspektif kita lebih luas dalam melihat peristiwa yang penuh kekerasan dan penuh darah yang hingga hari ini masih menjadi beban sejarah. “Oleh peristiwa ini sebagai beban dan bagaimana kita memandang masa depan indonesia dengan nilai nilai kemanusiaan yang harus kita pegang bersama-sama,” tutupnya.
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