Big Data sebagai Komoditas Digital Hingga Ekploitasi Pengguna Internet
Big Data sebagai Komoditas Digital Hingga Ekploitasi Pengguna Internet
Penulis: Muh. Arif Setia Budi
Makassar, Cakrawalaide.com – Proses digitalisasi yang dilakukan pada era globalisasi membuat semakin banyaknya masyarakat mengakses internet di dunia, maka semakin banyak data yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk digunakan oleh perusahaan dan mengubahnya menjadi komoditas.
Menurut laporan We Are Social dan Hootsuite, jumlah pengguna internet di seluruh dunia telah mencapai 5,07 miliar orang pada Oktober 2022. Jumlah tersebut mencapai 63,45% dari populasi global yang totalnya 7,99 miliar orang dan 92,1 % didominasi oleh pengguna ponsel. We are Social juga melaporkan bahwa di Indonesia sekitar 73,7% dari jumlah populasi atau sekitar 204,7 juta telah mengakses internet pada Januari 2022.
Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII) baru-baru ini merilis laporan “Profil Pengguna Internet 2022”. Dalam laporan tersebut, APJII mengungkapkan penetrasi internet Indonesia mencapai 77,02% pada 2021-2022. Mayoritas yang akses internet di isi oleh kelompok usia remaja dan usia produktif yang lebih dari 95%. Jumlah ini didukung dengan perkembangan kecepatan jaringan internet yang cepat dan teknologi yang semakin canggih.
Berbagai macam perilaku masyarakat di dunia ketika mengakses internet. Hampir semua aktivitas masyarakat beralih ke digital, mulai dari bersosialisasi, berkomunikasi, belajar, belanja maupun hanya untuk menghibur diri. Ketika berselancar di internet maka akan meninggalkan jejak berupa data histori.
Data yang tersimpan ini akan terkumpul dan semakin besar karena tertampung dengan data pengguna lain hingga menjadi big data. Big data ini yang kemudian diolah oleh perusahaan seperti Meta, Apple, dan Google sebagai preferensi produk mereka.
Sisi gelap pemanfaatan data pengguna
Isu pemanfaatan data pengguna menjadi sesuatu yang menarik untuk dibahas. Hampir semua perusahaan besar seperti Meta, Apple, dan Google memanfaatkan data penggunanya. Dilansir dari CNN Indonesia, pada tahun 2015, Facebook digugat oleh 1,6 juta orang atas pemanfaatan data pribadi pengguna tanpa izin. Pada tahun 2021, perusahaan itu kalah dalam persidangan di Amerika Serikat. Hakim memutuskan perusahaan memberi kompensasi sebesar US$650 juta atau 9,3 triliun rupiah yang dibagikan setiap orang sebanyak US$345 atau sekitar 4,9 juta rupiah. Facebook merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak perusahaan yang memanfaatkan data pribadi pengguna untuk keuntungan semata.
Di sisi lain, artikel Indoprogress “Di Balik Kenikmatan Kita Menikmati Transportasi Online” di bulan November 2022 menjabarkan bagaimana pemilik aplikasi transportasi online meraup keuntungan dengan memanfaatkan data yang “diberikan” oleh pengemudi ojek online dan pengguna aplikasi. Data yang diambil sangat banyak, yaitu data pribadi, data lokasi, data aktivitas dan data perilaku pengguna. Pemanfaatan data penggunanya pun beragam. Ada yang digunakan untuk pengembangan fitur untuk menarik para pengguna baru, perancangan strategi perusahaan atau sebagai bahan tawaran ke pihak ketiga. Pihak ketiga ini adalah pengiklan yang ingin memasarkan produk melalui promosi di aplikasi.
Oleh karena itu, jumlah data pengguna yang dimiliki pemilik aplikasi seakan menjadi magnet bagi pengiklan untuk promosi produk. Dampaknya, Pengguna dan mitra pengemudi akhirnya di ekploitasi oleh pemilik aplikasi. Ibaratnya, pemilik aplikasi hanya menyiapkan wadah kemudian bersantai sembari menunggu hujan data pengguna aplikasi dan mitra pengemudi memenuhi wadah yang sudah disiapkan. Akhirnya pemilik memperbesar akumulasi keuntungan yang didapatkan selain biaya jasa penggunaan aplikasi, juga dari pemanfaatan data pengguna yang diberikan secara cuma-cuma.
Pemerintah juga menyadari hal itu akan tetapi tidak memilih untuk seperti perusahaan swasta lakukan. Mereka lebih memilih pemanfaatan data pengguna untuk memperkuat status quo dengan berdalih menjaga keamanan pengguna. Pemerintah menerbitkan Peraturan Kominfo no.5 tahun 2020 tentang penyelenggara sistem elektronik lingkup privat untuk mengatur aktivitas PSE, moderasi informasi, mengakses data pengguna atau juga percakapan pribadi, hingga pemutusan akses. Pemerintah seolah-olah meniru kebijakan Tiongkok dalam membatasi warga negara di lingkup digital.
Tiongkok melakukan dengan cara memasang sistem yang bernama “The Great Firewall” dengan memblokir kata yang tidak pantas atau wacana yang berpotensi mengancam status quo yang ada. Jika ada perusahaan yang menolak maka akses akan diblokir. Kebijakan akhirnya yang ingin diterapkan oleh pemerintah.
Pada Peraturan Kominfo no. 5 tahun 2020, dijelaskan bahwa pemerintah dapat mengakses data pengguna yang dimiliki pemilik platform digital. Jika perusahaan menolak maka sanksi yang diberikan berupa pemblokiran akses platform dengan catatan harus melengkapi beberapa persyaratan administrasi. Persyaratan itu menjadi jembatan pemerintah sebagai akses mendapatkan data pengguna. Akhirnya semua perusahaan tunduk akan kebijakan tersebut dan pemerintah dapat menjalankan strategi pembatasan akses pengguna seperti Tiongkok lakukan.
Pengguna aplikasi sebagai korban ekploitasi digital
Dengan kondisi pemanfaatan data pengguna melalui platform sudah ada dimana-mana, bahkan pemerintah ikut kedalam pusaran sisi gelap ini. Jika kondisi ini terus menerus dibiarkan maka para pengguna aplikasi hanya menjadi korban ekploitasi digital. Pengguna telah berada dipersimpangan jalan yang harus memilih apakah data pribadi pengguna boleh dimanfaatkan atau tidak. Karena data pribadi pengguna merupakan aset pengguna sehingga semestinya memperhatikan kedaulatan dan kepentingan mereka.
Kepentingan pengguna harus jadi sentral terhadap perkembangan teknologi ke depan. Oleh karena itu, pengguna harus bijak dalam menggunakan aplikasi atau berselancar di internet agar data yang sensitif yang dimiliki tidak dimanfaatkan oleh pihak yang hanya terpaku oleh keuntungan saja tanpa melihat bahaya yang dapat ditimbulkan.
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